🔬 Science

Cells as the basic unit of life. Sexual reproduction in flowering plants: pollination, fertilisation, seed dispersal, germination. Human fertilisation. Inherited characteristics.

Three interchangeable states of water. Changes of state: melting, freezing, boiling, evaporation, condensation. Role of evaporation and condensation in the water cycle.

Water-carrying and food-carrying tubes and their functions. How water and food are transported through the plant. Linked to photosynthesis and respiration.

Air composition. Parts and functions of the respiratory system (nose, windpipe, lungs) and circulatory system (heart, blood, blood vessels). How they work together.

Closed vs open circuits. Components: battery, wire, bulb, switch. Conductors and insulators. Effect of number of batteries and bulbs in series and parallel. Circuit diagrams.

Sun as primary energy source. Requirements for photosynthesis: water, light, CO₂ → produces sugar and oxygen. Respiration releases energy from food.

Six forms of energy: kinetic, potential, light, electrical, sound, heat. Energy is derived ultimately from the Sun. Energy can be converted from one form to another.

Force as a push or pull. Effects of force. Types: magnetic, gravitational, frictional, elastic spring. Weight due to gravity. Investigating friction and elastic spring force.

Producers, consumers, decomposers. Food chains and food webs. Factors affecting survival. Adaptation. Habitats. Impact of environmental change. Conservation.

Formulating hypotheses. Identifying variables (changed, measured, kept the same). Designing fair tests. Reading graphs and tables. Writing explanations with evidence. Applies across all Booklet B questions.